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Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia ve Picoa trüf türlerinin mikorizal ilişkileri ile in situ ve ex situ koruma durumunun tespit edilmesi

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 1 - 10, 09.05.2016
https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.05500

Öz

Bu çalışmada; Elazığ ve Malatya çevresinde yetişen yarı kurak-kurak (çöl) trüflerin mikorizal ilişkileri ile koruma altına alınmasına (in situ ve ex situ) yönelik araştırmaların yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Trüf mantar türlerinin yetiştiği alanlarda elde edilen Helianthemum bitkilerinin kök yapıları incelenerek, mantar hif yapıları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, T. boudieri, T. claveryi, T. olbiensis, P. lefebvrei ve P. juniperi örnekleri etiketlenerek kurtulmuş ve taze askokarp yapılarından doku kültürü yöntemiyle saf misel elde edilerek gen kaynakları koruma altına alınmıştır (ex situ koruma). Trüf mantar türlerinin yetiştiği alanların ‘’doğa koruma alanları’’ olarak ilan edilip, bu habitatların in situ koruma alanları olarak belirlenmesi gerektiği tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akyüz M, Kirbag S, Kursat M (2012) Ecological aspects of the arid and semi-arid truffle in Turkey: evaluation of soil characteristics, morphology, distribution, and mycorrhizal relationships. Turk J Bot 36: 386-391.
  • Alsheikh AM, Trappe JM (1983) Taxonomy of Phaeangium lefebvrei, a desert truffle eaten by birds. Can J Mycol 61: 1919-1925.
  • Alsheikh AM (1994) Taxonomy and mycorrhizal ecology of the desert truffles in the genus Terfezia’’, Doctoral Dissertation, Corvallis, Oregon State University, p 239.
  • Avcı Ü (2005) Tehtitler ve biyolojik çeşitlilik. Ekoloji Magazin 7: 12-16.
  • Bradai L, Bissati S, Chenchouni H (2013) Etude mycologique et bio-écologique de la truffe blanche du désert (Tirmania nivea Desf. Trappe 1971) dans la région de Oued M'ya (Ouargla, Sahara algérien). Revue des Bioressources 3: 6-14.
  • Castellano MA, Türkoğlu A (2012) New records of truffle taxa in Tuber and Terfezia from Turkey. Turk J Bot 36: 295-298.
  • Chevalier G (2014) The European Desert Truffles. In: Kagan-Zur V, Roth-Bejerano N, Sitrit Y, Morte A (eds.) Desert Truffles. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 121-141.
  • Coskun Y (2001) Biyoçeşitlilik. Türkiye Sorunlarına Çözüm Konferansı, Diyarbakır, s 24. http://www.dicle.edu.tr/a/yukselc/meropshtml/dokuman/TSCK.htm. Erişim Tarihi 05.02.2015.
  • Davis PH (1970-1984-1985) Flora of Turkey and the Aegean Islands. Edinburg University Press 3: 8-9.
  • Dexheimer J, Gerard J, Leduc JP, Chevalier G (1985) Comparative ultrastructural study of symbiotic mycorrhizal associations between Helianthemum salicifolium-Terfezia claveryi and Helianthemum salicifolium-Terfezia leptoderma. Can J Bot 63: 582-591.
  • Diez J, Manjon JL, Martin F (2002) Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles (Terfezia and Tirmania), host specificity and edaphic tolerance. Mycologia 94: 247-259.
  • Fortas Z, Chevalier G (1992) Effet des conditions de culture sur la mycorhization de l’Helianthemum guttatum par trois especes de terfez des genres Terfezia et Tirmania d’Algerie. Can J Bot 70: 2453-2460.
  • Gutierrez A, Morte A, Honrubia M (2001) Ergosterol in desert truffle mycorrhizas. In: Edible mycorrhizal mushrooms and their cultivation. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms. Christchurch, New Zealand, 3-6 July, pp 1-4.
  • Gücin F, Dülger B (1997) Yenen ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri olan keme mantari (Terfezia boudieri Chatin) üzerinde araştırmalar. Ekoloji 23: 27-33.
  • Gücin F, Kaya A, Soylu MK, Uzun Y (2010) Picoa Vittad., a new truffl e genus record for Turkey. Biol Diver Conservat 3: 23-25.
  • Gündoğdu N (2015) Biyolojik çeşitliliği koruma yöntemleri, s 1-3. www.trakus.org/kods_bird/pdf/87564.pdf, İnternet Erişimi: 01.04.2015.
  • Honrubia M, Gutierrez A, Morte A (2001) Desert truffle plantations from South-East Spain. 3rd International Conference on Mycorrhiza, Adelaide, Australia.
  • Honrubia M, Morte A, Gutierrez A (2005) Six years of the Terfezia claveryi cultivation in Murcia (Spain). IV International workshop on edible mycorrhizal mushrooms, Murcia, Spain, p 70.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Raveh E, Lischinsky S, Roth-Bejerano N (1994) Initial association between Helianthemum and Terfezia is enhanced by low iron in growth medium. New Phytologist 127: 567-570.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Kuang J, Tabak S, Taylor FW, Roth-Bejerano N (1999) Potential verification of a host plant for the desert truffle Terfezia pfeilii by molecular methods. Mycol Res 103: 1270-1274.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Zaretsky M, Sitrit Y, Roth-Bejerano N (2008) Hypogeous Pezizaceae: physiology and molecular genetics. In: Varma A (ed.) Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp. 161-183.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Roth-Bejerano N (2008) Desert truffles. Fungi 1: 32-37.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Roth Bejerano N, Sitrit Y, Morte A (2014) Desert Truffle (Phylogeny, Physiology, Distribution and Domestication). Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg p. 397.
  • Kence A (1987) Türkiye’nin Biyolojik Zenginlikleri. T.Ç.S.V Yayını, s 316.
  • Kışlalıoğlu M, Berkes F (1987) Biyolojik Çeşitlilik. T. Ç. S.V. Yayını, s 122.
  • Kovács GM, Balázs TK, Calonge FD, Martín MP (2011) The diversity of Terfezia desert truffles: new species and a highly variable species complex with intrasporocarpic nrDNA ITS heterogeneity. Mycologia 103: 841-853.
  • Mandeel QA, Al-Laith AA (2007) Ethnomycological aspects of the desert truffle among native Bahraini and non-Bahraini peoples of the Kingdom of Bahrain. J Ethnopharma 110: 118-129.
  • Montecchi A, Sarasini M (2000) Funghi Ipogei D’Europa. Vicenza: Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici dell’AMB, pp. 109-131.
  • Moreno G, Alvarado P, Manjón JL (2014) Hypogeous Desert Fungi. In: Kagan-Zur V, Roth-Bejerano N, Sitrit Y, Morte A (eds.) Desert Truffles. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 3-20.
  • Morte A, Honrubia M (1992) In vitro propagation of Helianthemum almeriense Pau (Cistaceae). Agronomie 12: 807-809.
  • Morte MA, Cano A, Honrubia M, Torres P (1994) ln vitro mycorrhization of micropropagated Helianthemum almeriense plantlets with Terfezia claveryi (desert truffle). Agric Food Sci 3: 309-314.
  • Morte A, Honrubia M (1997) Micropropagation of Helianthemum almeriense. In: Bajaj YPS (ed.) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, High-tech and mircropropagation. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 163-177.
  • Morte A, Gutierrez A, Honrubia M (2004) Desert truffle cultivation: a rehabilitation tool for degraded semiarid lands. In: Faz A, Ortiz R, Garcia G (eds.). IV International Conference on Land Degradation, Murcia, Spain.
  • Morte A, Gutierrez A, Bordallo JJ, Honrubia M (2006) Biotechnology and cultivation of desert truffles: an agricultural tool for degraded semiarid lands. 5th International Conference on Mycorrhiza, Granada, Spain.
  • Morte A, Honrubia M, Gutierrez A (2008) Biotechnology and cultivation of desert truffles. In: Varma A (ed.) Mycorrhiza: State of the art, genetics and molecular biology, eco-function, biotechnology, eco-physiology, structure and systematics. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, pp. 467-483.
  • Morte A, Zamora M, Gutiérrez A, Honrubia M (2009) Desert truffle cultivation in semiarid Mediterranean areas. In: Varma A (eds.) Mycorrhizas: Functional Processes and Ecological Impact. Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp. 221-233,.
  • Roth-Bejerano N, Livne D, Kagan-Zur V (1990) Helianthemum–Terfezia relations in different growth media. New Phytologist 114: 235-238.
  • Roth-Bejerano N, Li YF, Kagan-Zur V (2004) Homokaryotic and heterokaryotic hyphae in Terfezia’’. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 85: 165-168.
  • Slama A, Fortas Z, Neffati M, Khabar L, Boudabous A (2006) Etude taxinomique de quelques Ascomycota hypogeés (Terfeziaceae) de la Tunisie méridionale. Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 122: 187-195.
  • Şahin A (2012) Konya yöresinde yetişen Terfezia türleri ve etnomikolojik özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
  • Trappe JM, Claridge AW, Arora D, Smit WA (2008) Desert truffles of the African Kalahari: ecology, ethnomycology, and taxonomy. Econ Bot 62: 521–529.
  • Türkoğlu A, Castellano MA (2014) New records of some Ascomycete truffle fungi from Turkey. Turk J Bot 38: 406-416.
  • Türkoğlu A, Castellano MA, Trappe JM, Güngör MY (2015) Turkish truffles I: 18 new records for Turkey. Turk J Bot 39: 359-376.
  • Zadrazil F (1978) Cultivation of Pleurotus. In: Chang ST, Hayes WA (eds.) The biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms. Academic Press, New York, pp. 521-557.

Determination of mycorrhizal relations, and ex situ and in situ conservation of Terfezia and Picoa truffles that grow naturally in the Elazığ-Malatya Region of Turkey

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 1 - 10, 09.05.2016
https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.05500

Öz

The aim of this study was to investigate the mycorrhizal relations of semi arid-arid (desert) truffles that grow in the vicinity of Elazığ and Malatya, in the hope of protecting and conserving (in situ and ex situ) them. The root structures of Helianthemum plants, which were gathered from areas where truffles grow, were studied, and their hyphae structures were determined. Samples of T. boudieri, T. claveryi, T. olbiensis, P. lefebvrei and P. juniperi were labeled and dried, and the gene sources were conserved (ex situ conservation) by acquiring pure mycelium from fresh ascocarp structures by using tissue culture method. It was determined that the areas where truffles naturally grow should be declared “natural protection zones”, and these habitats should be recognised as in situ conservation zones.

Kaynakça

  • Akyüz M, Kirbag S, Kursat M (2012) Ecological aspects of the arid and semi-arid truffle in Turkey: evaluation of soil characteristics, morphology, distribution, and mycorrhizal relationships. Turk J Bot 36: 386-391.
  • Alsheikh AM, Trappe JM (1983) Taxonomy of Phaeangium lefebvrei, a desert truffle eaten by birds. Can J Mycol 61: 1919-1925.
  • Alsheikh AM (1994) Taxonomy and mycorrhizal ecology of the desert truffles in the genus Terfezia’’, Doctoral Dissertation, Corvallis, Oregon State University, p 239.
  • Avcı Ü (2005) Tehtitler ve biyolojik çeşitlilik. Ekoloji Magazin 7: 12-16.
  • Bradai L, Bissati S, Chenchouni H (2013) Etude mycologique et bio-écologique de la truffe blanche du désert (Tirmania nivea Desf. Trappe 1971) dans la région de Oued M'ya (Ouargla, Sahara algérien). Revue des Bioressources 3: 6-14.
  • Castellano MA, Türkoğlu A (2012) New records of truffle taxa in Tuber and Terfezia from Turkey. Turk J Bot 36: 295-298.
  • Chevalier G (2014) The European Desert Truffles. In: Kagan-Zur V, Roth-Bejerano N, Sitrit Y, Morte A (eds.) Desert Truffles. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 121-141.
  • Coskun Y (2001) Biyoçeşitlilik. Türkiye Sorunlarına Çözüm Konferansı, Diyarbakır, s 24. http://www.dicle.edu.tr/a/yukselc/meropshtml/dokuman/TSCK.htm. Erişim Tarihi 05.02.2015.
  • Davis PH (1970-1984-1985) Flora of Turkey and the Aegean Islands. Edinburg University Press 3: 8-9.
  • Dexheimer J, Gerard J, Leduc JP, Chevalier G (1985) Comparative ultrastructural study of symbiotic mycorrhizal associations between Helianthemum salicifolium-Terfezia claveryi and Helianthemum salicifolium-Terfezia leptoderma. Can J Bot 63: 582-591.
  • Diez J, Manjon JL, Martin F (2002) Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles (Terfezia and Tirmania), host specificity and edaphic tolerance. Mycologia 94: 247-259.
  • Fortas Z, Chevalier G (1992) Effet des conditions de culture sur la mycorhization de l’Helianthemum guttatum par trois especes de terfez des genres Terfezia et Tirmania d’Algerie. Can J Bot 70: 2453-2460.
  • Gutierrez A, Morte A, Honrubia M (2001) Ergosterol in desert truffle mycorrhizas. In: Edible mycorrhizal mushrooms and their cultivation. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms. Christchurch, New Zealand, 3-6 July, pp 1-4.
  • Gücin F, Dülger B (1997) Yenen ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri olan keme mantari (Terfezia boudieri Chatin) üzerinde araştırmalar. Ekoloji 23: 27-33.
  • Gücin F, Kaya A, Soylu MK, Uzun Y (2010) Picoa Vittad., a new truffl e genus record for Turkey. Biol Diver Conservat 3: 23-25.
  • Gündoğdu N (2015) Biyolojik çeşitliliği koruma yöntemleri, s 1-3. www.trakus.org/kods_bird/pdf/87564.pdf, İnternet Erişimi: 01.04.2015.
  • Honrubia M, Gutierrez A, Morte A (2001) Desert truffle plantations from South-East Spain. 3rd International Conference on Mycorrhiza, Adelaide, Australia.
  • Honrubia M, Morte A, Gutierrez A (2005) Six years of the Terfezia claveryi cultivation in Murcia (Spain). IV International workshop on edible mycorrhizal mushrooms, Murcia, Spain, p 70.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Raveh E, Lischinsky S, Roth-Bejerano N (1994) Initial association between Helianthemum and Terfezia is enhanced by low iron in growth medium. New Phytologist 127: 567-570.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Kuang J, Tabak S, Taylor FW, Roth-Bejerano N (1999) Potential verification of a host plant for the desert truffle Terfezia pfeilii by molecular methods. Mycol Res 103: 1270-1274.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Zaretsky M, Sitrit Y, Roth-Bejerano N (2008) Hypogeous Pezizaceae: physiology and molecular genetics. In: Varma A (ed.) Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp. 161-183.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Roth-Bejerano N (2008) Desert truffles. Fungi 1: 32-37.
  • Kagan-Zur V, Roth Bejerano N, Sitrit Y, Morte A (2014) Desert Truffle (Phylogeny, Physiology, Distribution and Domestication). Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg p. 397.
  • Kence A (1987) Türkiye’nin Biyolojik Zenginlikleri. T.Ç.S.V Yayını, s 316.
  • Kışlalıoğlu M, Berkes F (1987) Biyolojik Çeşitlilik. T. Ç. S.V. Yayını, s 122.
  • Kovács GM, Balázs TK, Calonge FD, Martín MP (2011) The diversity of Terfezia desert truffles: new species and a highly variable species complex with intrasporocarpic nrDNA ITS heterogeneity. Mycologia 103: 841-853.
  • Mandeel QA, Al-Laith AA (2007) Ethnomycological aspects of the desert truffle among native Bahraini and non-Bahraini peoples of the Kingdom of Bahrain. J Ethnopharma 110: 118-129.
  • Montecchi A, Sarasini M (2000) Funghi Ipogei D’Europa. Vicenza: Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici dell’AMB, pp. 109-131.
  • Moreno G, Alvarado P, Manjón JL (2014) Hypogeous Desert Fungi. In: Kagan-Zur V, Roth-Bejerano N, Sitrit Y, Morte A (eds.) Desert Truffles. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 3-20.
  • Morte A, Honrubia M (1992) In vitro propagation of Helianthemum almeriense Pau (Cistaceae). Agronomie 12: 807-809.
  • Morte MA, Cano A, Honrubia M, Torres P (1994) ln vitro mycorrhization of micropropagated Helianthemum almeriense plantlets with Terfezia claveryi (desert truffle). Agric Food Sci 3: 309-314.
  • Morte A, Honrubia M (1997) Micropropagation of Helianthemum almeriense. In: Bajaj YPS (ed.) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, High-tech and mircropropagation. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 163-177.
  • Morte A, Gutierrez A, Honrubia M (2004) Desert truffle cultivation: a rehabilitation tool for degraded semiarid lands. In: Faz A, Ortiz R, Garcia G (eds.). IV International Conference on Land Degradation, Murcia, Spain.
  • Morte A, Gutierrez A, Bordallo JJ, Honrubia M (2006) Biotechnology and cultivation of desert truffles: an agricultural tool for degraded semiarid lands. 5th International Conference on Mycorrhiza, Granada, Spain.
  • Morte A, Honrubia M, Gutierrez A (2008) Biotechnology and cultivation of desert truffles. In: Varma A (ed.) Mycorrhiza: State of the art, genetics and molecular biology, eco-function, biotechnology, eco-physiology, structure and systematics. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, pp. 467-483.
  • Morte A, Zamora M, Gutiérrez A, Honrubia M (2009) Desert truffle cultivation in semiarid Mediterranean areas. In: Varma A (eds.) Mycorrhizas: Functional Processes and Ecological Impact. Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp. 221-233,.
  • Roth-Bejerano N, Livne D, Kagan-Zur V (1990) Helianthemum–Terfezia relations in different growth media. New Phytologist 114: 235-238.
  • Roth-Bejerano N, Li YF, Kagan-Zur V (2004) Homokaryotic and heterokaryotic hyphae in Terfezia’’. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 85: 165-168.
  • Slama A, Fortas Z, Neffati M, Khabar L, Boudabous A (2006) Etude taxinomique de quelques Ascomycota hypogeés (Terfeziaceae) de la Tunisie méridionale. Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 122: 187-195.
  • Şahin A (2012) Konya yöresinde yetişen Terfezia türleri ve etnomikolojik özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
  • Trappe JM, Claridge AW, Arora D, Smit WA (2008) Desert truffles of the African Kalahari: ecology, ethnomycology, and taxonomy. Econ Bot 62: 521–529.
  • Türkoğlu A, Castellano MA (2014) New records of some Ascomycete truffle fungi from Turkey. Turk J Bot 38: 406-416.
  • Türkoğlu A, Castellano MA, Trappe JM, Güngör MY (2015) Turkish truffles I: 18 new records for Turkey. Turk J Bot 39: 359-376.
  • Zadrazil F (1978) Cultivation of Pleurotus. In: Chang ST, Hayes WA (eds.) The biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms. Academic Press, New York, pp. 521-557.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Akyüz

Sevda Kırbağ

Yasemin Gürhan

Burak Bircan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akyüz, M., Kırbağ, S., Gürhan, Y., Bircan, B. (2016). Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia ve Picoa trüf türlerinin mikorizal ilişkileri ile in situ ve ex situ koruma durumunun tespit edilmesi. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.05500
AMA Akyüz M, Kırbağ S, Gürhan Y, Bircan B. Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia ve Picoa trüf türlerinin mikorizal ilişkileri ile in situ ve ex situ koruma durumunun tespit edilmesi. AÇÜOFD. Mayıs 2016;17(1):1-10. doi:10.17474/acuofd.05500
Chicago Akyüz, Mehmet, Sevda Kırbağ, Yasemin Gürhan, ve Burak Bircan. “Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia Ve Picoa trüf türlerinin Mikorizal ilişkileri Ile in Situ Ve Ex Situ Koruma Durumunun Tespit Edilmesi”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 17, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2016): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.05500.
EndNote Akyüz M, Kırbağ S, Gürhan Y, Bircan B (01 Mayıs 2016) Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia ve Picoa trüf türlerinin mikorizal ilişkileri ile in situ ve ex situ koruma durumunun tespit edilmesi. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 17 1 1–10.
IEEE M. Akyüz, S. Kırbağ, Y. Gürhan, ve B. Bircan, “Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia ve Picoa trüf türlerinin mikorizal ilişkileri ile in situ ve ex situ koruma durumunun tespit edilmesi”, AÇÜOFD, c. 17, sy. 1, ss. 1–10, 2016, doi: 10.17474/acuofd.05500.
ISNAD Akyüz, Mehmet vd. “Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia Ve Picoa trüf türlerinin Mikorizal ilişkileri Ile in Situ Ve Ex Situ Koruma Durumunun Tespit Edilmesi”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 17/1 (Mayıs 2016), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.05500.
JAMA Akyüz M, Kırbağ S, Gürhan Y, Bircan B. Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia ve Picoa trüf türlerinin mikorizal ilişkileri ile in situ ve ex situ koruma durumunun tespit edilmesi. AÇÜOFD. 2016;17:1–10.
MLA Akyüz, Mehmet vd. “Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia Ve Picoa trüf türlerinin Mikorizal ilişkileri Ile in Situ Ve Ex Situ Koruma Durumunun Tespit Edilmesi”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 17, sy. 1, 2016, ss. 1-10, doi:10.17474/acuofd.05500.
Vancouver Akyüz M, Kırbağ S, Gürhan Y, Bircan B. Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia ve Picoa trüf türlerinin mikorizal ilişkileri ile in situ ve ex situ koruma durumunun tespit edilmesi. AÇÜOFD. 2016;17(1):1-10.
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